Selecting and modifying methods of manual muscle testing for classification in Paralympic sport.

Abstract

Many Paralympic sports classification systems use unspecified manual muscle testing (MMT) methods to assess impairment of muscle strength. This is a potential source of inconsistency in classification, and could be eliminated by nominating a single, published set of MMT methods. Additionally, four modifications can enhance the validity, reliability and utility of conventional MMT methods for classification: 1) limiting assessment to movements that are important to performance in the sport concerned; 2) specifying a single preferred technique for assessment of movement strength; 3) changing the reference range of movement from normal anatomical range to the maximum range of movement required in sport; and 4) adjusting testing techniques so that they are relevant for the sport. This brief communication may improve classification in established sports, and provide guidance for emerging sports that are developing classification systems.